{"id":14139,"date":"2021-06-21T15:10:15","date_gmt":"2021-06-21T15:10:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peacerep.org\/?p=14139"},"modified":"2022-12-19T12:36:00","modified_gmt":"2022-12-19T12:36:00","slug":"peace-agreements-with-a-gender-perspective-are-still-an-exception-not-the-rule","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gentest.cahss.ed.ac.uk\/dev-peacerep\/2021\/06\/21\/peace-agreements-with-a-gender-perspective-are-still-an-exception-not-the-rule\/","title":{"rendered":"Peace agreements with a gender perspective are still an exception, not the rule"},"content":{"rendered":"

Peace agreements do not represent the totality of a peace process, but they are often critical junctures in transitions from conflict to peace and can shape and set inclusion agendas that endure long after armed conflicts end.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Two decades after the UN called on all peace process actors to adopt a gender perspective, but amidst an unpreceded challenge to women\u2019s rights globally under the Covid-19 pandemic, how did peace agreements provide for women, girls and gender in 2020, and what does this tell us about the trajectory of the women, peace and security agenda? Originally published on the LSE WPS blog.<\/a><\/p>\n

At the Political Settlements Research Programme, we track the frequency and detail of how peace agreements include references to women, girls and gender, and our new update to the\u00a0PA-X Gender Peace Agreement Database<\/a>\u00a0now includes detailed gender coding for all peace agreements from 1990 up to June 2021. This PA-X Version 5 update added 16 new agreements to PA-X Gender,[1]<\/a>\u00a0from Central African Republic, Myanmar, South Sudan, and Sudan, agreed between 2011 and 2021, which means that we can now compare gender provisions in peace agreements throughout 2020 to previous years.<\/p>\n

The proportion of peace agreements providing for women, girls and gender in 2020 continued to recover following a drop in 2017, although it remains low<\/h4>\n

In 2020, 29 per cent of global peace agreements contained references to women, girls, and gender (6 out of 21 peace agreements). This brings the proportion of peace agreements with gender references back in line with a level last reached in 2016 (29 per cent), after this dropped to just 8 per cent of peace agreements in 2017, and continues a positive trend across the 1990-2020 period (Figure 1).<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"
Figure 1: based on Version 5 of the PA-X Peace Agreements Database<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Research suggests<\/a>\u00a0that the stage or type of agreement, UN involvement as a third-party, women\u2019s participation and civil society participation in peace processes, conflict duration, and regional distribution can all have an impact on the inclusion of gender references in peace agreements. If we focus on the peace agreement stage, five out of the six peace agreements with gender provisions in 2020 were substantive agreements, which means that they partially or comprehensively address issues core to resolving the conflict, and are therefore\u00a0more likely to contain references to women than agreements such as ceasefires<\/a>.<\/p>\n

None of the eight ceasefire agreements reached in 2020 refer to women, girls and gender, which is comparable to previous years \u2013 only 9 per cent of all ceasefires reached between 1990 and 2020 contained gender provisions, whilst 58 per cent of comprehensive agreements included references to women, girls and gender. As formative stages of peace processes,\u00a0ceasefires can set the inclusion parameters<\/a>\u00a0for subsequent negotiations and this lack of gender references in ceasefires in 2020 shows that more work would need to be done to\u00a0integrate the WPS agenda into ceasefire negotiations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Only three peace agreements in 2020 included provisions relating to violence against women<\/h4>\n

Turning to the substance of gender references in peace agreements, PA-X Gender codes the content of each text for the\u00a0following categories<\/a>\u00a0about women, girls and gender: participation; equality; particular groups of women; international law; new institutions; violence against women and gender-based violence; transitional justice; institutional reform; development; implementation; and other references to women. In 2020, provisions addressing violence against women and development were the most prominent categories (included in three agreements), whilst provisions for international law and women\u2019s roles in implementation only appeared once each across all six agreements.<\/p>\n

However, simply counting provisions overlooks the fact that peace agreements vary in the detail and strength of conflict parties\u2019 written commitments. The 2020 \u2018Reconciliation pact between the North-Eastern communities<\/a>\u2019 in CAR simply includes rhetorical commitment \u201cto end violence and cruel treatment against women\u201d, but with no substantive detail about how parties will do this. The \u2018New Decade, New Approach<\/a>\u2019 deal in Northern Ireland is more substantive, as it includes provisions relating to a report on \u201cthe handling of serious sexual offences cases\u201d, and a redress scheme for \u201csurvivors and victims of historic abuse\u201d.<\/p>\n

The \u2018Juba Agreement<\/a>\u2019 in Sudan contained the most substantive references to violence against women, sexual violence, and gender-based violence, and was also the most comprehensive agreement for gender provisions across all issue categories in 2020. The agreement includes provisions that designate violence against women as a prohibited act, recognise male and female survivors of rape as \u201cvictims of the conflict in Darfur\u201d, and aim to protect internally displaced and refugee women from \u201call forms of harassment, exploitation, and sexual- or gender-based violence\u201d.<\/p>\n

Overall, the inclusion of more substantive provisions to address violence against women and gender-based violence in the Juba agreement stands out as an isolated achievement, particularly as the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated root causes and drivers of sexual violence and made it even harder for women and girls in conflict settings to access support and protection.<\/p>\n

If only 14 per cent of agreements reached globally in 2020 mentioned violence against women, despite the\u00a0ongoing widespread use of sexual and gender-based violence in conflict<\/a>, then there is a long way to go before peace agreements generally adopt the approach advocated by UNSCR 2467 (2019), which calls for \u201cceasefire and peace agreements [to] contain provisions that stipulate sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict situations as a prohibited act<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Only two peace agreements in 2020 listed signatories of women\u2019s networks, but this is comparable to previous years<\/h4>\n

The WPS agenda calls for women to participate meaningfully in all facets of peace processes, including formal Track 1 negotiations<\/a>, where traditionally women have been underrepresented. Research from the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) on women\u2019s participation in peace processes suggests that \u201cbetween 1992 and 2019, women constituted, on average, 13 percent of negotiators, 6 percent of mediators, and 6 percent of signatories in major peace processes around the world<\/a>.\u201d Whilst the PA-X Database does not code for individual women as signatories, and cannot directly compare to the CFR data for 2020, we do code for women signing as part of a specific women\u2019s group, or women\u2019s delegation.<\/p>\n

Only two peace agreements in 2020 included any references to signatories on behalf of women and none of the agreements provided for women being given a specific role in implementing the agreement. The \u2018Reconciliation pact between the North-Eastern communities<\/a>\u2019 in CAR listed two signatories representing women from different communities: Rosalie Blitchli representing women from Hautte-Koto and Fatim\u00e9 Senoussi representing women from Bamingui-Bangoran.<\/p>\n

In South Sudan, Mary Yar signed the \u2018Pageri Peace Forum Resolutions<\/a>\u2019 on behalf of the Women Association Network Nimule, although the document also states that 19 out of the Forum\u2019s 75 participants were women. However, this is comparable to previous years: only two peace agreements in 2019 had signatories on behalf of women\u2019s groups or networks, and between 1990 and 2019, only 1 per cent of agreements were signed by someone representing a specific women\u2019s group, women\u2019s delegation, or as representing women.<\/p>\n

This is not to overlook prominent women who held key roles in Track I peace processes in 2020. In Myanmar,\u00a0Ja Nan Lahtaw and Chin Chin<\/a>\u00a0were two out of the three co-facilitators of the political dialogue between the Government and Ethnic Armed Organisations (EAOs), and the\u00a0Union Accord Part III<\/a>\u00a0was signed by Dr May Win Myint, Daw Khin Ma Ma Myo, and Nang Aye Aye Thwe, on behalf of the Hluttaw, the Ethnic Armed Organisations, and the Political Parties Group, respectively. The\u00a0permanent ceasefire agreement<\/a>\u00a0reached in Libya was brokered and signed as a witness by Ms Stephanie Williams, as the Acting Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General and Head of UNSMIL.<\/p>\n

Despite these representational gains, however, the small number of signatories on behalf of women\u2019s groups suggests that the overall proportion of women formally participating in peace processes is still far too low to match the ambitions set by the WPS agenda, and does not reflect the widespread and active mobilisation of women peacemakers in conflict-affected contexts.<\/p>\n

2020 was a year that brought unprecedented challenges, for both gender equality advocates and those bringing conflict parties to the peace table. In a time of such dramatic change, peace agreement references to women, girls and gender did not reflect the global disruption to the status quo when compared to previous years and particularly in the post-UNSCR 1325 period. Perhaps sustained levels of inclusion, both of gender provisions and women as peace agreement signatories, in states and politics of emergency where conflict parties had many opportunities and excuses for excluding women from negotiations, is no small achievement for the WPS agenda.<\/p>\n

Every meaningful reference to women in a peace agreement is the result of decades of work by gender equality advocates and activists<\/a>, and the fact that the 2020 Juba agreement calls for 40 per cent effective representation of women at all levels of power and decision-making, is an example of this progress. However, 20 years from UNSCR 1325, peace agreements are still a long way from adopting a gender-sensitive perspective, and women remain underrepresented at negotiation tables. As the Covid-19 pandemic accelerates in many parts of the world and progress in peace processes ebbs and flows, women peacemakers persist across conflicts, yet it remains to be seen whether this inclusion stasis continues as we move forward.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0PA-X Version 5 added 47 new agreements spanning dates from 2008 \u2013 June 2021, 14 of which include provisions referencing women, girls, and gender. However, this update to PA-X Gender also includes two agreements from prior PA-X data releases, which have now been reclassified as including gender references (Agreement ID 1580 and ID 2197).<\/p>\n

About the Author<\/h4>\n

Laura Wise is a Research Associate with the Political Settlements Research Programme at the University of Edinburgh. She is a member of the team behind the PA-X Peace Agreements Database, a dataset of peace agreements globally from 1990 to 2021, and is a co-creator of PeaceFem, a mobile phone app that illustrates women\u2019s inclusion in peace processes around the world. Laura has previously worked with UN Women on the project \u2018Enhancing Women\u2019s Leadership for Sustainable Peace in Fragile Contexts in the MENA Region\u2019, and has written on gender and peace processes, with a focus on local peace agreements and power-sharing.<\/p>\n

Image credit:\u00a0MONUSCO Photos<\/a> (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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