{"id":22326,"date":"2024-01-12T09:03:22","date_gmt":"2024-01-12T09:03:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peacerep.org\/?p=22326"},"modified":"2024-01-12T09:16:51","modified_gmt":"2024-01-12T09:16:51","slug":"sixty-one-years-of-taang-revolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gentest.cahss.ed.ac.uk\/dev-peacerep\/2024\/01\/12\/sixty-one-years-of-taang-revolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Sixty-one Years of Ta\u2019ang Revolution"},"content":{"rendered":"

Friday 12 January 2024 represents the sixty-first Ta\u2019ang Revolution Day. On 12 January 1963, the indigenous Ta\u2019ang people of Myanmar formed the first revolutionary organisation to defend the basic human rights and land of the Ta\u2019ang people.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shedding light on the Ta\u2019ang\/Palaung people\u2019s struggle and bringing transparency to the Ta\u2019ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) and its ambitions illustrates the position of the Ta\u2019ang people in the broader political conflicts of Myanmar today. Following the military coup on 1 February 2021, armed clashes between the TNLA and the Myanmar military have resumed. As we see a progressively weakening Myanmar military today, following the launch of <\/span>Operation 1027<\/a> on 23 October 2023, the importance of the role of armed ethnic resistance groups for the future of Myanmar is ever more prevalent, with the Ta\u2019ang people a core contributor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Overview of the Ta\u2019ang People<\/h4>\n

The Ta\u2019ang people are an indigenous ethnic group of Mon-Khamar descent. They migrated from the highlands of present-day Mongolia to Shan State in today\u2019s Myanmar in the sixth century. Ta\u2019ang people also live in Yunnan Province of China, though the Ta\u2019ang population is smaller there than in Myanmar. The main source of income for Ta\u2019ang people comes from working on tealeaf plantations and producing the final tea product for consumers in Myanmar and China.<\/p>\n

The Ta\u2019ang Region<\/h4>\n

In the early days, Ta\u2019ang chieftains or Sawbwas ruled over the Ta\u2019ang Sun Kingdom. The earliest records date to the 1750s. These were historical records of ancestors of Namhsan hill Sawbwas. The last Sawbwa of Namhsan Hill (the Ta\u2019ang Royal Hill Sawbwa) was Sao Hkun Pan Sein, and he ruled the Ta\u2019ang Sun Kingdom from 1926 until the first military coup in Myanmar led by General Nay Win in 1962.<\/p>\n

Ta\u2019ang Education<\/h4>\n

Historically, the Ta\u2019ang lived in the mountains with little transportation and no government schools. Some went to the mainland to attend civilian voluntary schools, volunteer shelter schools, or orphanages. Others joined monasteries and became monks or nuns to get an education. As a result, the literacy rate has historically been low among the Ta\u2019ang population. However, since 2000 there have been Ta\u2019ang organisations working on education within the Ta\u2019ang community to improve education levels and infrastructure.<\/p>\n

Ta\u2019ang children at school in 2014<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Ta'ang<\/a>
Image from the Ta\u2019ang Education Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ta\u2019ang children at school in 2022<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Ta'ang<\/a>
Image from the Ta\u2019ang National Education Committee<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Early Ta\u2019ang Politics<\/h4>\n

When the British occupied Northern Burma in 1886, the Sawbwas of Shan State were summoned to pledge their allegiance. During the pre-independence movement, Namhsan Sawbwa Sao Khun Pan Sein took the position of Chairman of Shan Sawbwa Council and was one of the signatories of the Panglong Agreement of 1947.<\/p>\n

In 1946 the Palaung National Unity League (PNUL) was formed, led by Sao Khun Pan Sein. The aim of the PNUL was to achieve unity among Palaung nationals, improve social welfare, ethics and morality, encourage economic growth, and to enhance education and health. The PNUL was dismissed by the Myanmar military in 1964, after the coup of 1962, ending the role of Palaung political culture within the legal framework of Myanmar.<\/p>\n

A Brief History of the Palaung\/Ta\u2019ang Armed Struggle<\/h4>\n

After the 1958 Nown Hsing Han armed struggle in Shan, two Palaung regiments became part of the Shan Army in northern Shan State. One of the sons of Sao Khun Pan Sein, Tar Khun Aye, led regiment number five and operated around Namhsan, while regiment number six was led by Tar Khun Thaung and operated around Namkham. In 1963, these two Palaung regiments separated from the Shan Army and formed the Palaung National Front (PNF) which was the first armed Palaung resistance group. The PNF was founded on 12 January 1963 \u2013 this date is recognised as Ta\u2019ang\/Palaung Revolution Day.<\/p>\n

The PNF and its armed wing, the Palaung National Army (PNA), represent the first formulation of an armed political organisation of Ta\u2019ang people. It would transition through various forms before becoming the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF) and the TNLA we see today. The PNF was transformed into the Palaung State Liberation Organization (PSLO) on 12 January 1976 and the military wing was called the Palaung State Liberation Army (PSLA). The era of the PNF and PSLO can be called the first part of the Ta\u2019ang\/Palaung Revolution.<\/p>\n

After the 1988 uprising, the Myanmar military, then called the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), took power. The SLORC strove for disarmament among ethnic groups, and in 1989 Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) in the Northeastern region agreed to a ceasefire. In December 1990 the PSLO Secretary U Kyaw Yin agreed to a ceasefire with the SLORC. The ceasefire agreement was made informally between PSLO\u2019s Chairman Tar Aik Mong, Chief of Staff Tar Nyi Lone and SLORC\u2019s Secretary One Khin Nyunt \u2013 there was no formal agreement.<\/p>\n

However, the SLORC did not implement the ceasefire, and after a few months continued to use armed force against the PSLO. The SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) in 1997. The SPDC did not honour the SLORC\u2019s ceasefire agreements.<\/p>\n

Formation of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF)<\/h4>\n

The Ta\u2019ang political organisation the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF) was formed in 1992, led by Mai Tin Maung, Mai Joke Jar, Mai Aik Phone and Mai Aik Pann. They announced that they would continue to fight to establish a genuine federal union together with the oppressed ethnic groups.<\/p>\n

Formation of the Ta\u2019ang National Liberation Army (TNLA)<\/h4>\n

The first conference of the PSLF was held on 25 July 2000 on the Thai border, then followed by the second conference on 7 August 2005 at Mae Sot in Thailand. At the time of the third PSLF national conference on 11 October 2009 in Ruili, China, the new armed wing, Ta\u2019ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), was formed.<\/p>\n

The TNLA\u2019s armed offensive began on 31 December 2011 when they crossed the Shweli (Ruli) River from the southern side of Namkham and re-entered the Shweli Valley area in the Ta\u2019ang region. The fighting between the TNLA and the Myanmar Military began on 18 August 2012. Since then, the TNLA has been building up its forces in order to defend itself from the military.<\/p>\n

In the TNLA\u2019s infancy, its forces were relatively small. The military repeatedly called on the TNLA to abandon arms and believed the TNLA would be defeated by their offensive attacks. As the TNLA grew stronger and more areas came under the TNLA\u2019s control, the TNLA developed different departments to achieve its political aims and strengthen its administration capacities.<\/p>\n

PSLF\/TNLA Goals and Fundamental Principles<\/h4>\n

One of the key goals of the current PSLF\/TNLA is the formation of a Ta\u2019ang State as a federal unit and a State of Myanmar. The PSLF\/TNLA strive for equality for Ta\u2019ang people as an ethnic minority and for the protection of the rights of the Ta\u2019ang people and their land. While the TNLA is developing and working on the revolutionary process, the PSLF is simultaneously working to unite the Ta\u2019ang people. The following are the fundamental principles of the PSLF\/TNLA.<\/p>\n

Political belief<\/em><\/p>\n

The PSLF believes in the democratic system and will practice self-determination to preserve the Palaung population, area, literature and culture.<\/p>\n

Avoiding ethnic or communal conflict<\/em><\/p>\n

The PSLF seeks to protect the Ta\u2019ang\/Palaung ethnic group, but also endeavours to avoid armed conflicts within the Palaung people and between different ethnic groups.<\/p>\n

Gender Equality<\/em><\/p>\n

The PSLF embraces gender equality. Special arrangements are made for women to participate and lead at every level of the organisation.<\/p>\n

Recruitment<\/em><\/p>\n

The TNLA does not seek to recruit individuals from other ethnic groups, distinguishing it from many Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) in Myanmar.<\/p>\n

The Ta\u2019ang Flag<\/em><\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>
Image from PSLF\/TNLA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The PSLF\/TNLA flag is the same as the Ta\u2019ang State Flag. It has a white central stripe with two green stripes above and below it and a circle of red in the centre. The red circle represents bravery and the Father Sun of Ta\u2019ang people, and the two green stripes represent the green colour of the Ta\u2019ang mountains and peace. The white background in the centre represents sincerity and purity, peacefulness and the freedom loving mind of the Ta\u2019ang people.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h4>\n

Sixty-one years ago, the Ta\u2019ang armed resistance was minute in numbers, but today the TNLA is estimated to have over 10,000 members. The TNLA and the Ta\u2019ang people continue to strive for a Ta\u2019ang State, and for their equality, justice, peace and prosperity in the future Myanmar.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

This blog was written based on research involving 52 interviews in 2019-2021 with members of the TNLA and PSLF.<\/p>\n

Lway Mownt Noon is a Research Fellow of Protective Fellowships for the Human Rights Defenders of Centre for Applied Human Rights (CAHR), University of York, UK.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong>
\nThe Irawaddy. 2023. \u201cMyanmar\u2019s Operation 1027 Against The Junta Two Months On.\u201d 27 December, 2023. Available online at:
\nhttps:\/\/www.irrawaddy.com\/news\/conflicts-in-numbers\/myanmars-operation-1027-against-the-junta-two-months-on.html<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Read PeaceRep\u2019s latest Myanmar publication: Non-Western engagement in peace processes and the rise of \u2018hedging\u2019 by elites in conflict-affected states<\/a><\/p>\n

Explore all PeaceRep Myanmar research<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sixty-one years after the Ta’ang Revolution, this blogpost by Lway Mownt Noon delves into the position and aims of the Ta’ang people.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":166,"featured_media":22341,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[233,1826],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-myanmar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSixty-one Years of Ta\u2019ang Revolution - PeaceRep<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sixty-one Years of 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