{"id":4267,"date":"2017-04-28T18:45:40","date_gmt":"2017-04-28T18:45:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peacerep.org\/?p=4267"},"modified":"2017-05-14T18:30:33","modified_gmt":"2017-05-14T18:30:33","slug":"rethinking-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-through-the-lens-of-resistance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gentest.cahss.ed.ac.uk\/dev-peacerep\/2017\/04\/28\/rethinking-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-through-the-lens-of-resistance\/","title":{"rendered":"Rethinking the Women, Peace and Security Agenda through the Lens of Resistance"},"content":{"rendered":"

This blog post by Professor Fionnuala N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in, PSRP researcher from the Transitional Justice Institute (TJI)\u00a0University of Ulster, was first published by Just Security <\/a>on 17th April 2017. In this piece, Fionnuala adds to the criticisms of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda the failute to include women\u2019s resistance in conflict zones as exercise of political power.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

The Women, Peace and Security Agenda (WPS<\/a>) was launched in 2000 with the passage of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325<\/a> and had the laudable aim of mainstreaming gender in all aspects of conflict prevention, management and resolution. In particular, the UN resolution and much of the implementation that accompanies it, including National Action Plans on WPS stressed the value of women\u2019s contributions to conflict transformation. Generally, that has been understood as encouraging female representation in peace negotiations (ideally equal with male participation), gendering the terms of political agreements by including references to specific issues deemed of concern to women (e.g. quotas in political participation, non-discrimination), gendering peacebuilding work including peacekeeping, and preventing sexual violence in conflict through accountability and political condemnation.<\/p>\n

Criticisms of the WPS agenda abound, including its selectivity (applying WPS to some conflicts and not others), its essentialism (treating women primarily as victims not as autonomous actors), and its failure to challenge the war system from a feminist perspective (accepting the bona fides of war in contrast to a long feminist tradition of peace activism internationally). All these criticisms are well aimed, and I\u2019d add another, namely the failure to treat women\u2019s resistance to ill-conceived and inequitable conflict resolution as a valid exercise of political power. Without including a framework of resistance in its worldview, WPS may become increasingly irrelevant to women on the ground in conflict zones. For women in warzones, their home-grown understanding of local peace and security needs differs substantially from the internationally mediated peace processes driven by bilateral and regional interests. In some conflicts, it is apparent that local women perceive international interventions (including but not limited to resolution 1325) as part of the problem and not the solution. As the abject failures of many humanitarian and other interventions cogently illustrate, local sentiments are often right about what works and what does not in conflict resolution in the long term. Articulating that viewpoint is not easy for women\u2019s organizations given that funds to support women\u2019s movements and political participation in conflict zones are frequently premised implicitly and explicitly on their willingness to be partners in implementing 1325.<\/span><\/p>\n

Examples of resistance abound. These include the participation of women in both state and non-state armed forces in conflicts around the globe. Women\u2019s roles as combatants is gaining increased recognition, but requires practical implementation on the ground in conflict sites to ensure their ability to serve on equal terms as their male counterparts, their ability to exercise command and control functions within militaries, and their right to equal treatment in processes of demobilization, demiliterization and re-integration.<\/p>\n

A female resistance role in peace-building activism is less visible. This is in part because women are quintessentially viewed as agents of peace-making, and it is generally assumed that women will be on the side of reconciliation and conflict resolution \u2013 no matter what the context or the \u2018deal\u2019 on the table. Yet, women\u2019s civil society organizations are increasingly articulating their unhappiness with elitist and superficial conflict resolution that doesn\u2019t address the political root causes of conflict and people\u2019s everyday needs. For example, in Cyprus where the long-running peace negotiations<\/a> have created a marginalized Women\u2019s Technical Committee<\/a>, and relegated all gender issues related to the conflict to it, women\u2019s civil society groups are debating<\/a> the value of \u2018staying in or coming out\u2019 of peace talks. For these women being included within the framework of the formal talks provides a fig leaf of gender validation for the male political leaders negotiating the conflict\u2019s end, but offers no meaningful engagement with issues of peace and security from a gender perspective. The same might well be said of efforts to include Syrian women in the failed Geneva negotiation<\/a> process. Here, and in other conflict zones, external resistance to the official peace agenda may be a more effective course of action for women\u2019s organizations and deliver much needed dissent as well as occasional concrete gains from putting external pressure on negotiations.<\/p>\n

In the Israeli-Palestinian context, Palestinian women\u2019s organizations have stepped away from participating in joint \u2018woman-to-woman\u2019 peace projects with Israeli groups. They argue that such engagement only creates cosmetic individual changes while leaving intact issues of structural discrimination and power inequality. These inequalities fundamentally affect Palestinian women\u2019s capacity to engage on an equal and fair basis in intra-communal dialogue, and yet they provide cover for international organizations and interested third parties, who can claim that positive women\u2019s work is being done in conflict. In reality, such work may politically disable women\u2019s organizations from confronting the Israeli occupation in tangible and direct ways, leading to a feminization of relatively powerless peace-building, which is entirely divorced from the political realpolitik.<\/p>\n

In conclusion, a highly salient question today is: To what extent is women\u2019s resistance, including non-violent protest, considered a relevant part of the UN\u2019s Women, Peace and Security Agenda? This question seems all the more relevant as we have witnessed an upsurge in women\u2019s national protest activities (in Poland<\/a>, the United States<\/a>, and Ireland<\/a>, for example). While these visible aspects of protest are not conflict-related, they underscore that protest and resistance are an integral part of the conflict resolution landscape.<\/p>\n

Moreover, to what extent does the WPS agenda affirm the right to actively work against any conflict resolution that is unrepresentative, insufficiently grounded in conflict transformation, and which fails to address the root causes of conflict? For many women in conflict sites, resistance activism reflects an emphasis on action and not words, on struggle rather than co-existence, and on the everyday as the place in which this work is done. In this context, the dominant pathways that have framed the WPS agenda \u2014 including peaceful femininities, global sisterhood and motherhood \u2014 are inadequate to support the hard-fought nature of making peace through struggle. Instead, as we witness the weakness of many post-Cold War peace deals to deliver anything beyond negative peace on the ground simply but only limit public violence between male combatants without corresponding political and economic capacity building (see e.g. Northern Ireland<\/a>, Bosnia<\/a>) there is a growing need to reconsider the value of resistance within and beyond peace processes. This is perhaps an essential ingredient to reimagining inclusive and transformative peace premised on female political agency and empowerment and not merely about adding women, and stirring them into to an already well-cooked political compromise between male elites. Affirming resistance says that dissent is a vital part of securing peace, and that women have an equal entitlement to opposition in any peace process.<\/p>\n

Image:\u00a0Kurdish People\u2019s Protection Units, or YPG women fighters walk to reach a check point in the outskirts of the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane, Syria. June 20, 2015 \u2013 Ahmet Sik\/Getty<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This blog post by Professor Fionnuala N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in, PSRP researcher from the Transitional Justice Institute (TJI)\u00a0University of Ulster, was first published by Just Security on 17th April 2017. 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