{"id":7059,"date":"2018-11-13T07:13:52","date_gmt":"2018-11-13T07:13:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peacerep.org\/?p=7059"},"modified":"2018-11-13T07:47:53","modified_gmt":"2018-11-13T07:47:53","slug":"mind-the-billboards-international-aid-conquering-the-public-space-in-burundi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gentest.cahss.ed.ac.uk\/dev-peacerep\/2018\/11\/13\/mind-the-billboards-international-aid-conquering-the-public-space-in-burundi\/","title":{"rendered":"Mind the Billboards: International Aid Conquering the Public Space in Burundi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Burundian roadsides often have prominent billboards displaying the name of aid projects.\u00a0 Astrid Jamar discusses how these billboards dominate public space and shape public authority in ways that produce colonial continuities. Along with symbols of the regime, their physical presence in Burundian streets illustrate how\u00a0paternalism and authoritarianism simultaneously shape public authority.<\/em><\/p>\n

Burundian roadsides are littered with aid billboards. Displaying the name of aid projects, with funding and implementing agencies, these boards have multiple functions. Within the posh neighbourhood of the country\u2019s capital, Bujumbura, they provide directions to head offices. In the countryside, they mark places of intervention. In the main squares of rural towns, they inform the population about projects negotiated with local authorities.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

A series of aid billboards along the roadside in Rutana, Burundi in June 2018<\/p>\n

Billboards are the most visible indication of the omnipresence of international aid throughout Burundi. For example, along the main street of Rutana, the capital city of the Southern Province on the Tanzanian border, there are no less that 20 billboards in 200 metres (as illustrated in the image above). There are so many billboards in Burundi that many aid workers told me that they pay no attention to them. But what do these billboards say and do?<\/p>\n

20 Aid Billboards in 200 metres<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

In recent years, relations between Burundian authorities and international aid actors have been marked by severe tensions due to Nkurunziza\u2019s controversial third mandate<\/a>, subsequent violently-repressed demonstrations and the failed coup d\u2019etat in Burundi in 2015. Prior to the 2015 crisis, more than 50 per cent of<\/a> the State Budget came from international aid. However, increasing authoritarianism and human rights violations led to aid cuts and sanctions as well as mounting obstacles for NGOs to operate in country. This culminated in the announcement to suspend most NGOs<\/a> for three months from 1 October 2018. Despite these tensions, aid billboards remain omnipresent. During my recent fieldwork in Burundi in June 2018, I went on a short weekend trip to the Southern province. On Sunday morning before leaving Rutana, the capital city of the province, I took my camera and captured twenty billboards \u2013 illustrated below \u2013 in the 200 metres that separated my hotel from the main square of the town.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Legend: Left: \u201cRepublic of Burundi, Rutana Province, Unique Provincial Counter, To put the performance of Public Administration at the service of the Citizen. 250m to the right\u201d Top Right: \u201cWorld Vision Burundi, GITABA ADP, Founded by: WVS Korea Office, 200 to the left,\u201d Middle Right: Solidarity to AIDS Orphans and Protection of Children in Difficulty \u2013 SOSPEC, Address and Contact info for Head Office in Rutana and Liaising Office in Bujumbura, Gihosha \u2013 Motto: Solidarity \u2013 Actions \u2013 Protection,\u201d Right bottom: left board: \u201cPRO-ACT 1 and 2 \u2013 Project (extended) Supporting Improvement in resilience capacity of rural and most vulnerable people the most affected by the multi-factorial crisis in Burundi \u2013 Projects Reference Numbers, January 2016 \u2013 December 2018, January 2017 \u2013 December 2019 \u2013 Regional office of FAO \u2013 This project is financed by the EU \u2013 This project is implemented by FAO,\u201d Right board: \u201cLogos: EU \u2013 Republic of Burundi \u2013 Oxfam \u2013 Accord \u2013 GCV \u2013 NTUSIGARINYUMA (Join us) \u2013 L.V.I.A. (Lay Volunteers International Association) \u2013 AVEDEC \u2013 CAPAD \u2013 ISI IDUTUNZE (The Earth that makes us live) \u2013 Development of an integrated approach to food security and nutrition in Eastern provinces in Burundi \u2013 Rutana Municipality \u2013 Rutana \u2013 This project was financed by the European Union.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Legend: Top Left: \u201cLogos: IOM \u2013 EU \u2013 IRC \u2013 Project Supporting Displaced and Returnees in Burundi \u2013 European Union Funding \u2013 Implementing partners: International Rescue Committee (IRC), International Organisation for Migration (IOM), Rutana Province, Rutana Municipality,\u201d Top right: Middle Fabric Banner: logos: German Humanitarian Assistance \u2013 Republic of Burundi \u2013 World Vision \u2013 Rutana Municipality \u2013 13 June 2018 \u2013 Municipal Day \u201cCelebrating reaching open air defecation free status ,\u201d Large board on the left: logos: Republic of Burundi \u2013 USAID \u2013 Fainted Logo, long text in Kirundi explaining administrative requirements and prices for identity cards, birth, marriage and deaths registrations, Bottom Left: Logos: Burundian Flag \u2013 UNDP \u2013 EU\/Burundi Collaboration for Peace Consolidation \u2013 \u201cLaying of first stone for the construction and rehabilitation of Municipal Offices by His Excellence Dr Yves Sahinguvu First Vice-President of Burundi \u2013 Rutana, 20 November 2008 \u2013 Fainted text,\u201d Bottom Right: Logos: CUFORE (University Centre for Training and Research in Entrepreneurship), Louvain Cooperation \u2013 FODEV (Training for Development) \u2013 \u201cProject Supporting the promotion of agricultural products and handcrafts in provinces of Makamba and Rutana \u2013 Let\u2019s Increase Employment \u2013 Funding : European Union \u2013 Starting day: April 2016 \u2013 Executing period: 42 months.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Legend: Top left: \u201cInternational Organisation for Migration \u2013 the United Nations Agency in charge of migration \u2013 Let\u2019s fight ongoing abuses \u2013 To signal an abuse call the free line 109 \u2013 With the Support of Belgian Cooperation for Development,\u201d Bottom left: Logos: Republic of Burundi \u2013 EU \u2013 REACH \u2013 \u201cState Project for Food Rich in Nutrients \u2013 Let\u2019s eat food rich in nutrients,\u201d Right: Logos: Burundian flag, WFP, World Vision \u2013 \u201cProject Improving Food Security and Livelihood in Giharo and Bukemba Municipalities in Rutana Provinces \u2013 July \u2013 November 2015 \u2013 Direct beneficiaries: 3040 \u2013 Construction of Shelter: 5 shelters \u2013 Rural Roads: 75km \u2013 Counter Line: 319km \u2013 Firebreak belt: 7km.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Legend: Top left: Fainted painting, Middle Top: logos: International Medical Corps and BPRM \u2013 \u201cLet\u2019s avoid adultery because it has negative impacts on the family \u2013 drawing of people eating in restaurants\u201d, logos: International Medical Corps and BPRM \u2013 \u201cLet\u2019s avoid adultery because it has negative impacts on the family\u201d, Bottom Left: CNDD-FDD Monument in front of board with fainted painting, Middle Bottom: Logos: Belgium Cooperation for Development, Caritas International, SOPRAD (Solidarity for the Promotion of Assistance and Development) \u2013 \u201cProject to support the socio-economic reintegration of returnees in Giharo, Mpinkga, Kayove and Musongati municipalities \u2013 Construction of six complete primary schools: Kagunga, Rusunsu, Gagenga, Mirehe, Nkurye, Mutwana (Giharo) \u2013 Distribution of seeds and agricultural inputs to returnees and other vulnerable persons \u2013 Upgrading contour lines of seven hills (distance 216km) \u2013 Construction of 25 plant nurseries \u2013 Implementation dates: 18 months (01\/01\/2009 \u2013 30\/06\/2010) \u2013 Funding: Belgian Development Cooperation (DGCD) \u2013 Implementing partner: Caritas International Belgium \u2013 Implementing: SOPRAD Ruyigi)\u201d, Bottom right: \u201cAIDS [missing text hidden by branches] Youth \u2013 Let\u2019s avoid the superficial\u201d \u2013 Logo: SEP\/CNLS.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Legend: left: Middle board: logos: UCDP, American Friends Service Committee, THARS \u2013 \u201cTitle of Project: Psychosocial and Economic Reintegration of people affected by the conflict in the municipality of Musongati and Rutana in Rutana Province \u2013 Implemented by UCPD in partnership with THARS \u2013 Funded by: American Friends Service Committee,\u201d Right: Logos: Help a child, American Friends Service Committee, CORD, People with a Messiah\u2013 \u201cWith the Collaboration of the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture \u2013 Project: Building Bridges in Burundi \u2013 Dutsibataze Amahoro [Let\u2019s Consolidate Peace] \u2013 Funding: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands \u2013 Implementing: CORD in Collaboration with Ubuntu Centre and Humanitarian Gesture \u2013 Activities: Economic and Social Resilience of Youth \u2013 Beneficiary Municipalities: Isale, Mubimbi and Mugongomanga in Bujumbura Province, Mpinga, Kayove, and Giharo in Rutana Province \u2013 Length of Programme: 2017 \u2013 2021.\u201d<\/p>\n

The 20 boards are associated with projects and organisations working on all sorts of matters, ranging from child protection, food security, unemployment, and displacement, to peace building and health issues. Their primary role seems to be publicity and information. They give visibility to aid initiatives, and provide information about which programme is doing what, where, and with which partners. Some of the boards are used as sensitising tools and contain messages specifically addressed to passers-by. For instance, they may admonish people to eat healthily (eg food rich with nutrients), complete administrative paperwork (such as driving licenses, birth or marriage registrations), or adopt good morals to avoid economic and health issues (such as poverty and AIDS). Some include the directions to an office or health centre, and the helpline numbers to report abuses. A number of boards are broken, with faded painting, or related to programmes that already ended \u2013 in some cases more than 10 years ago. Yet apparently, nobody has bothered to remove them, indicating these boards serve more functions than their intended ones.<\/p>\n

While Burundi is famous for its stunning hilly landscape, aid billboards are mostly left out of photographs portraying the country. The omnipresence of externally-funded initiatives affect the configuration of everyday landscapes of Burundians, and hence the public space and public authority. These boards are also useful reminders of how alleged \u201cbeneficiaries\u201d in rural areas of Burundi have been bombarded by internationally-funded initiatives of all sorts, for their \u201cdevelopment\u201d and \u201cbetterment.\u201d<\/p>\n

Aid Billboards Challenging the \u2018Local Turn\u2019 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Condemned for neglecting micro-level tensions, foreign aid workers have increasingly attempted to engage with local communities over the past decade. However, given that \u2018the local\u2019 does not exist in a vacuum, the so-called \u2018local turn\u2019 has been criticised<\/a> for neglecting the entanglements between the local, regional, national, and international levels and the actors operating between and across them. Meera \u00a0Sabaratnam<\/a> has further criticised the local turn for its emphasis on \u2018otherness\u2019 and its reproduction of the colonial biases that it claims to address. Indeed, even when defining the \u2018local\u2019 as the diversity of ways in which local agents reshape and resist within a local space, she argues that the intellectual construction of otherness and cultural distinctiveness re-emerge. Such strong emphasis on the need to engage with non-Western authenticity and indigeneity reproduce the distinction between the modern West and the culturally distinct place of the \u2018local\u2019.<\/p>\n

The physical presence of aid billboards also confronts distinctions between the local and the international. The question is: \u00a0are these boards \u2018international\u2019 because of the logos of international actors, or are they \u2018local\u2019 because of the inclusion of \u2018local partners\u2019 and location \u2013 being part of the local landscape that Rutana\u2019s inhabitants pass through daily? The boards embody the entanglement of foreign interventions with so-called \u2018beneficiary\u2019 communities, and how they have appropriated these interventions. For instance, nearby residents use aid billboards for various purposes such as drying clothes or as landmarks when giving directions \u2013 eg \u201cTake the road on the right after USAID AIDS billboard, and then second left after the IOM billboard.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Among the 20 projects showcased by the billboards in Rutana, half include at least one Burundian institution with the emblem of the State, the name of a territorial authority or national thematic authority. Yet, with two exceptions \u2013 a board of a programme decentralising public services and one referencing the politician placing the first stone \u2013 the role of the Burundian State is unstated. This portrays an image of national authorities with a limited function besides approving the programmes and acting as silent partners.<\/p>\n

Remarkably, the ruling party is almost more visible in the public space than the State, with numerous monuments displaying its emblem \u2013 a black eagle holding a sword and manioc leaves with the party\u2019s colours (red and green). Since the 2015 crisis, the presence of armed forces and police security check points have also heavily increased in the public place.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The ubiquitous presence of aid billboards and CNDD-FDD symbols in the public space draw attention to the paradoxical imperial nature of aid in an authoritarian system. Most international media coverage over Burundi features international criticism of the regime \u2013 mostly related to severe human rights abuses perpetuated against suspected members of opposition \u2013and the regime\u2019s denials of these allegations and criticism of the imperial nature of aid.<\/p>\n

Paternalism and Authoritarianism Shaping Public Authority<\/strong><\/p>\n

After the European Union (EU) Council invoked Article 96 of the Cotonou Agreement<\/a> to cut aid in March 2016, funding from both EU multi-lateral and bilateral institutions can no longer be channelled through Burundian authorities. Aid was redirected through local and international NGOs. In response, the Burundian parliament adopted a law for INGOs<\/a> in 2017 that that made it harder for them to operate in the country. Now, this law is used as the legal basis to suspend all NGOs (except these working for hospitals and schools) for three months and requires all NGOs to engage with heavy bureaucratic negotiations<\/a> with Burundian authorities to renew their registration.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, representatives of the ruling party regularly criticise the historical colonial abuses and the neo-colonial attitudes of Western actors from whom they have received censure. A Parliamentary commission examined the colonial question<\/a> in 2018 and subsequently recommended a number of initiatives such as prosecuting Belgium and Germany for crimes against humanity and war crimes inflicted on Burundians, demanding compensation and reparation, repatriating archives on Burundi from Belgium; undertaking research and inquiring into crimes committed during German and Belgian colonisation. There are also regular demonstrations in front of head offices of European donors and the United Nations in Bujumbura to protest their criticism towards the Burundian regime.<\/p>\n

This anticolonial rhetoric complicates the analysis of the neo-colonial character of aid. On one hand, it seems legitimate for the regime to denounce the enduring paternalistic nature of aid. On the other hand, it is no coincidence that the criticism of colonialism and neo-colonialism started only after important pressure from Western donors and it is clearly a useful tool to negate and freeze censure expressed towards the Burundian regime. This paradox clearly needs to be considered when reflecting on how to decolonise the streets: what landscape would emerge if paternalistic aid billboards would be removed? Would the emblems of the ruling party become even more conspicuous?7<\/p>\n

By examining the complex contemporary issues of colonialism and authoritarianism, a scrutiny of the public space littered by aid billboards and regime symbols illustrate that these two dimensions are not exclusive. Western aid has indeed conquered the streets with paternalistic billboards without tackling efficiently structural inequalities and political oppression that is also maintained and perpetuated by the current regime.<\/p>\n

This blog<\/a> was first published on Africa at LSE<\/a>. It is the first of two blog posts by PSRP researcher Astrid Jamar. It is part of the #PublicAuthority blog series, part of the ESRC-funded\u00a0Centre for Public Authority and International Development<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Photo credit: Astrid Jamar<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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